TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS PAGE
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – iv
Table of Contents – – – – – – – v
CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION – – – 1
CHAPTER TWO: DIABETES MELLITUS
- Causes of Diabetes
- Signs and Symptoms
- Types of Diabetes
- Pathogenesis of Diabetes
- Types of Antioxidants and their role
CHAPTER THREE: CAUSES OF OXIDATIVE
STRESS IN DIABETES
- Increased Free Radical production
- Mitochondrial sources and non – mitochondrial sources
- Decreased antioxidant defenses
- Antioxidant treatment in diabetes
CHAPTER FOUR
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- Summary
- Conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder with a rapidly increasing prevalence (Golbidi et al., 2012) highlighting the importance of continued research and the need for novel methods to both prevent and treat this pandemic. Although obesity and physical inactivity are known to be major risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of T2DM by increasing insulin resistance or impairing insulin secretion (Montonen et al., 2004).
While diabetes management has largely focused on control of hyperglycemia, the rising burden of this disease is mainly correlated to its vascular complications. This is reflected by a 4-fold increase in the incidence of coronary artery disease, a 10-fold increase in peripheral vascular disease, and a 3- to 4-fold higher mortality rate with as much as 75% of diabetics ultimately dying from vascular disease (Basha et al., 2012).Oxidative stress may play a role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Consequently, the question of whether antioxidants could have a beneficial effect on reducing the risk of these conditions, especially cardiovascular disease, has been intensively investigated, but the results remain inconclusive. If antioxidants play a protective role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, understanding the physiological status of antioxidant concentrations among people at high risk for developing these conditions, such as people with the metabolic syndrome, is of interest (Ford et al., 2003).