ABSTRACT
In this study, using standard analytical method, values for BAF of gills were marginally higher than those of the muscles (except for Cu) owing to the fact that gills are the organs that contact polluted environment first as long as metabolic process in fish is concerned. Value for heavy metals in water followed the sequence: Zn (0.60mg1-1) > Fe (0.25 mg1-1) > Cu (0.19 mg1-1) > Pb (0.1 mg1-1) > Cd (0.01 mg1-1); while those for gills were: Fe (29.10mg/kg) >Zn (27.2 mg/kg) > Cu (0.37 mg/kg) >Pb (0.15 mg/kg) >Cd (0.040 mg/kg) and muscles: Zn (21.0 mg/kg) > Fe (19.75 mg/kg) > Cu (0.66 mg/kg) > Cd (0.34 mg/kg) > Pb (0.03 mg/kg). The result of the analysis obtained and all the values of heavy metals analysed were within permissible limit of WHO.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – – – v
List of Figures – – – – – – – – vi
List of tables – – – – – – – – vii
Table of contents – – – – – – – – vii-xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – 1
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – – 1-3
1.2 Aims and Objective of the study – – – – 3
1.3 Significance of the study – – – – – – 3-4
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the study – – – – 4
1.5 Definition of terms – – – – – – 4-5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review – – – – – – – 6
2.1 Biology of Tilapia – – – – – – – 6
2.1.1 Tilapia as an Exotic and Invasive species – – – 6-7
2.1.2 Morphology of Tilapia – – – – – 7-10
2.1.3 Feeding Habit – – – – – – – 10-11
2.1.4 Social Organization – – – – – – 11-12
2.1.5 Reproduction – – – – – – – 12-14
2.1.6 Parental care – – – – – – – 14-15
2.2 Heavy Metals Analyzed – – – – – – 16
2.2.1 Cadmium – – – – – – – – 16-18
2.2.2 Lead – – – – – – – – – 18-21
2.2.3 Iron – – – – – – – – – 21-22
2.2.4 Zinc – – – – – – – – – 22-23
2.2.5 Copper – – – – – – – – 23-24
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods – – – – – – 25
3.1 Materials – – – – – – – – 25-26
3.3 Methodology – – – – – – – 27
3.2.1 Water sample – – – – – – – 27
3.2.2 Fish sample – – – – – – – – 27
3.4 Laboratory Analysis – – – – – – 28
3.4.1 Fish sample – – – – – – – – 28-29
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussion – – – – – – 30
4.1 Results – – – – – – – – 30
4.2 Discussion – – – – – – – – 32-35
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations – – – – 36
5.1 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 36
5.2 Recommendations – – – – – – – 36
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Fish is widely accepted because of its high palatability, low cholesterol and tender flesh, it is the cheapest source of animal protein and essential nutrients required for diets (Ibrahim et al., 2018). It may be sold and it is also an affordable source of animal protein for households in urban and some rural areas. Nutritional, fish consumption is widely encouraged due to its high contents of Omege-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; cicosapentanric acid (EPA), delosahexanoic aid (DHA) and protein (Akpanyung et al., 2014).
However, the presence of toxic heavy metals can counteract the positive effects of Omega-3 fatty present in fish and they can also cause damage by enhancing the production of free radical in several organs (brain, liver, kidney, heart) as well as interfering with cellular mechanisms against oxidation leading to oxidative stress which has been implicated in the Getiology of several diseases (Cestro-Ganzalez and Mendez-Amento, 2008).