Abstract
This study is on factors affecting the use of instructional materials in classroom teaching in secondary school. The total population for the study is 200 staff of selected jalingo educational zone of taraba State. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made of principals, vice principals adm, senior staff and junior staff were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
Individuals and the society have seen education as the key to success in life. In all human societies, past and present, education has been instrumental to impacting positively to the survival of individuals and the society. The capacity of development in any country can be measured through a properly planned and well directed education. Thus, Education is a behavioral characteristic. It impacts skills, attitudes, belief, ability to reason, knowledge and any other form which enable one to adjust and interact effectively with other individuals. Through the acquisition of skills, it enable an individual and the group to proceed into the actualization of the individuals destiny. Indeed, Instructional materials provides concepts and attitudes to the student which improved his skills, ability to reason and makes him/her informed about what is going on in the global village. Education has helped to bring the entire world into an entity through the information and knowledge education has helped us to achieve. Education has helped to reduce the problem of language barrier. Through instructions and teaching by your teacher, Individual has acquired different languages outside the traditional language. This has led the individual to associate properly with people from different countries. It has helped one to adjust from his traditional behaviour to a more modest behaviour that makes the individual to be accommodated any part of the world he visits. Education has been a means to an end. That a country is developed is as a result of instructional aid created by education. It serves as a catalyst to governmental principles, policies and laws. With the acquisition of knowledge, and the society structured their means of livelihood. Instructional material is an aid to teaching and learning. It helps to raise learning from verbalization to practical aspect of teaching and learning. Instructional materials make teaching and learning interesting, easy and amusing. It makes learning more effective (Clark, 1997). In another development, the use of instructional materials makes different continents to shape their rules and regulations, to accommodate the other. This they do by providing them with the socio-cultural and political differences and how to adjust the traditional socio-cultural and political ways and accommodate another. An instructional material makes students understand more easily when the teacher makes use of working model. It makes the teachers task easier and more effective. Olardi (1990) has highlighted the impact of instructional materials that teachers use to improve the students from understanding and perception of the subject as enhanced aids. It brings clarity and creates recognition that allow them to have a realistic hand and a total knowledge of the subject. It enhanced learning, improve the competence of learners and makes learning more meaningful to students. In Jalingo Educational zone Taraba, teaching and learning through the use of instructional materials facilitates, stimulates and aids students to take active interest in any topic introduced by the teaching. In structural materials has emotional impact on the students of Jalingo Educational zone Taraba and affects their attitude towards what is presented as the topic to study by the teacher. It provides both the teacher and students with relevance and meaningful source of information.
Kay (2008), Instructional materials stimulate the students desire to learn. It assist learning process by making assimilation and memorization of materials easy. Also, it helps to hold attention, include greater acquisition and, as well as objectives which may be in accessible to many students. Finally, an instructional material makes learning available to a wider audience, control the pace of learning, promote better understanding and help to overcome physical difficulties in presenting the subject content. Instructional materials can be seen as those materials, which aid the teacher in teaching his/her lesson in the class. Teaching materials, educational aids or curriculum materials succinctly by Oyejemezi, (2001) as all the sense and fallings and aid learning. According to Corey (1967) instructional materials is simply as an effect to manipulate the environment of individual in the hope of generating a change in behaviour of other learning outcome in a short time period, with the probability of fewer undesirable side effects and more economically that alternative or completing technologies. Thus, this definition recognizes the importance or role of development of the personality of the learner and time saving for the teacher and learning time for the students. Carton (1965) defined instructional materials as all kind of materials that can assist in the teaching and learning process. According to Nacino-Brown (1982) on his part viewed instructional materials as those materials which can be used to make learning more valid and interesting. He also contended that these materials vary from very simple to complex. Such as conventional chalk board, flat picture, diagrams, illustration and maps to more compliance and expensive ones like the television sets, radio, projector, slides and film strip projectors other not mentioned are numerous but the classification of audio-visual materials. According to Ogunlade (2005) perceived instructional materials as all materials that a teacher can turn t6o for effective instruction. These include among others, the people, events and materials can help to make our learning activities effective. Okorie (1979) said that “it is difficult to define it term in its entirety” in spite of these short coming Inflow (1968) proposed that any instructional materials used to supplement the normal learning process of listening, seeing, reading, and writing are to be regarded as audio-visual aids. From the foregoing definitions, it is quite obvious that instructional materials are based on such a concert which emphasizes the learners’ behaviour and the conditions under which such behaviour will occur. It is a very definite statement, which shows performance expected of the pupils skill and ideas after the pupils must have been exposed of the pupils skills and ideas , after the pupils must been used to the instruction. Components of such behaviour objectives are what conditions the students should perform, and what level of competence the pupils should exhibit. According to Bell-Gam (2002) instructional materials is seen as materials such as electronic, charts, visual, audio visual that can facilitate teaching and learning to achieve the target objectives. These definitions imply that whatever a teacher seeks to achieve with his students, his aspiration will be influenced by the teaching and instructional materials available for the lesson. It is interesting to note that a large percentage of trained teachers and those undergoing professional training course can teach with some of those teaching aids. They do so consciously because during teaching practice supervision reveals.
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