A TOTAL OF 34 INDIGENOUSLY MANUFACTURED PHARMACEUTICAL ORAL LIQUIDS WERE PURCHASED FROM DIFFERENT POTENT MEDICINE STORES

A TOTAL OF 34 INDIGENOUSLY MANUFACTURED PHARMACEUTICAL ORAL LIQUIDS WERE PURCHASED FROM DIFFERENT POTENT MEDICINE STORES IN OWERRI MAIN MARKET FROM AUGUST TO OCTOBER

ABSTRACT

A total of 34 indigenously manufactured pharmaceutical oral liquids were purchased from different potent medicine stores in Owerri main market from August to October. They were examined microbiologically to ascertain the common contaminants associated with them. The result of analysis showed that Staphylococcus species, Escherichia Coli and Pseudomonas are the main contaminants of these oral liquids.

While Bacillus spp and klebsiella were also identify, paracetamol syrup and emcap were found to meet the standard of B.P while bonagyl and parkalin did not meet the standard, and hence not safe for use in any treatment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification    =     =     =     =     =     =     =     ii

Dedication      =     =     =     =     =     =     =     iii

Acknowledgment = =     =     =     =     =     =     iv

Abstract =     =     =     =     =     =     =     =     V

Table of content =  =     =     =     =     =     =     vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction     =     =     =     =     =     =     1

1.2 Factors important in determining the

rate at which a drug is absorbed from

its site of administration are =     =     =     5

1.3 Effect of microorganisms on drugs =     =     6

1.4 Systemic availability of drug    =     =     =     7

1.5 Raw materials   =     =     =     =     =     =     12

1.6 Water supply = =     =     =     =     =     =     13

1.7 Air     =     =     =     =     =     =     =     =     13

1.8 Equipment =     =     =     =     =     =     =     14

1.9 Personnel =     =     =     =     =     =     =     15

1.10 Containers/packaging materials     =     =     16

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review      =     =     =     =     =     17

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and methods     =     =     =     =     22

3.1 Sterilization of materials and

aseptic techniques =     =     =     =     =     23

3.2 Pharmaceutical industry visited       =     =     23

3.3 Collection of samples       =     =     =     =     23

3.4 Preparation of media       =     =     =     =     =     24

3.5 Analysis of the samples   =     =     =     =     24

3.6 Sub culturing of samples =     =     =     =     25

3.7 Isolation of bacterial on selective media  =     26

3.8 Identification of isolates =      =     =     =     =     26

3.9 Method of preparation of media      =     =     27

3.10 Gram’s-staining     =     =     =     =     =     28

3.11 Catalase test   =     =     =     =     =     =     29

3.12 Indole test     =     =     =     =     =     =     29

3.13 Motility test = =     =     =     =     =     =     30

13.14 Methyl red test     =     =     =     =     30

3.15 Voges proskauer test     =     =     =     31

3.16 Sugar fermentation test        =     =     =     32

3.17 Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) 32

3.18 Colonial and cellular characteristics

of organisms isolated in drul4g sample on

different media       =     =     =     =     =     =     33

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Discussion and Conclusion      =     =     36

Conclusion      =     =     =     =     =     =     41

Recommendations =     =     =     =     =     43

References      =     =     =     =     =     =     44

Appendix 1     =     =     =     =     =     =     47

Appendix 2     =     =     =     =     =     =     52

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

ENUMERATION OF MICROORGANISMS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ORAL LIQUIDS.

Pharmaceutical oral liquids — syrups or suspensions are among the numerous pharmaceutical products and have different compositions and diversity of contaminating microorganisms, each with its specific application and problems, some products are however more imperiled to be contaminated with microorganisms and they are more hazardous than other ones.

We have seen a number of problems associated with the microbiological contamination of tropical drug products, nasal solutions and inhalation products (U. S. F. D. A, 2006).

Pharmaceutical products such as liquids (syrups) are generally required to be sterile; however, it is desirable that, they contain low level of microbial contamination in the biodegradation of the products which in essence, constitute a health hazard to its consumers. The most important

component of the living matter is water. Multiplication and survival of microorganisms in drugs. This reports emphasized the need to monitor the microbiological quality on non-sterile pharmaceutical products, dispensed and sold in the public hospitals, pharmacies and potent medicine stores Taylor, R. B; Behrens, and low, A. S (2001).

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A TOTAL OF 34 INDIGENOUSLY MANUFACTURED PHARMACEUTICAL ORAL LIQUIDS WERE PURCHASED FROM DIFFERENT POTENT MEDICINE STORES IN OWERRI MAIN MARKET FROM AUGUST TO OCTOBER