TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – – i
Approval page – – – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – – v
Table of contents – – – – – – – – – vi
List of tables – – – – – – – – – – ix
List of figures – – – – – – – – – – x
List of abbreviations, symbols and notations – – – – – – xi
Abstract – – – – – – – — – – xii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Historical overview – – – – – – – – – 1
Writing ink and preservation – – – – – – – – 5
Ink composition – – – – – – – – – 7
Printing ink – – – – – – – – – – 17
Printing ink and processes – – – – – – – – 18
Manufacturing process description – – – – – – – 23
Statement of problems – – – – – – – – 28
Aim/objectives of the study – – – – – – – – 28
Scope/limitation of the study – – – – – – – – 28
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Background – – – – – – – – – – 29
Carbon black – – – – – – – – – – 30
Conversion of waste tyre into carbon black – – – – – – 34
Reprocessing of used tyres into activated carbon and other products – – 35
The Improvement of carbon black from waste tyres for offset printing ink
using coupling agent – – – – – – – – – 38
Ink chemistry and processes – – – – – – – – 38
The science of colours – – – – – – – – 39
Pigments – – – – – – – – – – 42
Pigments and dyes – – – – – – – – – 53
Linseed oil – – – – – – – – – – 54
Drying oils for printing inks – – – – – – – – 57
Chemistry of drying oils – – – – – – – – 58
Drying process of printing ink – – – – – – – 60
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials/Apparati – – – – – – – – – 66
Reagents and chemicals – – – – – – – – 67
Methods – – – – – – – – – – 67
Ink manufacture – – – – – – – – – 70
Ink printing tests – – – – – – – – – 71
Images of instruments used and processes – – – – – – 72
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Carbon black samples images as obtained – – – – – 75
Properties of carbon black produced – – – – – – – 77
Viscosity results – – – – – – – – – 80
Press ink test results – – – – – – – – – 81
Effect of temperature on printing performance\ – – – – – 81
Effect of temperature on viscosity – – – – – – – 82
Temperature effects on ink flow – – – – – – – 83
Mathematical model – – – – – – – – – 84
Viscosity-temperature model – – – – – – – – 84
Conclusion/summary – – – – – – – – – 85
Glossary – – – – – – – – – – 87
References – – – – – – – – – – 89
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Use of inorganic pigments – – – – – – – 9
1.2 Solvent and binder combinations – – – – – – 15
1.3 Printing ink, drying systems and vehicles – – – – – 19
2.1 Countries and their capacity production of carbon black – – – 34
2.2 Refractive index of some very popular class of inorganic pigments – – 44
2.3 Properties of various kinds of pigments – – – – – 47
2.4 Differences between organic and inorganic pigments – – – 51
2.5 Differences between dyes and pigments – – – – – 53
2.6 Drying oils and % weight – – – – – – – 57
2.7 Possible fatty acids in oils and their structures – – – – 59
3.1 Ink percentage composition – – – – – – – 71
4.1 Produced Ink properties – – – – – – – 77
4.2 Ink viscosity – – – – – – – – – 80
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Chinese ink stick – – – – – – – 5
Figure 1.2 Pigments for coloured printing inks – – – – – 10
Figure 1.3 Flow diagram of the ink manufacturing process – – – 24
Figure 2.1 Additive primary colours – – – – – – 40
Figure 2.2 Subtractive primary colours – – – – – – 41
Figure 2.3 Chromophores – – – – – – – – 45
Figure 2.4 Structure of a triglyceride found in linseed oil – – – 55
Figure 3.1 Flow diagram for pigment sample preparation – – – 69
Figure 3.2 Electrical furnace used for pyrolysis, before use – – – 72
Figure 3.3 Electrical furnace, while in operation – – – – – 72
Figure 3.4 Digital viscometer with thermostat – – – – – 73
Figure 3.5 Refluxing process – – – – – – – 73
Figure 3.6 Mixing board, scrapper and spatula – – – – – 73
Figure 3.7 Production in progress – – – – – – 74
Figure 4.1 Graphite rods before pulverizing – – – – – 75
Figure 4.2 Coal sample – – – – – – – – 75
Figure 4.3 Shredded tyre before pyrolysis – – – – – 75
Figure 4.4 Pyrolyzed tyre – – – – – – – – 75
Figure 4.5 Furnace carbon black – – – – – – – 76
Figure 4.6 Graphite rod carbon black – – – – – – 76
Figure 4.7 Tyre carbon black – – – – – – – 76
Figure 4.8 Coal carbon black – – – – – – – 76
Figure 4.9 Ink viscosities versus temperature – – – – – 82
ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
ASTM – American society for testing and materials
BHA – Butylated hydroxyanisole
BHT – Butylated hydrotoluene
CMYK – Cyan, magenta, yellow and black
CdS – Cadmium sulphide
DOP – Di-Octyl phthalate
EDTA – Ethylene di-amine tetra-acetic acid
EDX – Energy dispersive x-ray
FCC – Fluid catalytic cracking
FFA – Free fatty Acid
IARC – International agency for research on cancer
MEK – Methyl ethyl ketone
MIBK – Methyl isobutyl ketone
PAH – Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
PE – Polyethylene
PG – Propyl Gallate
SBR – Styrene butadiene
TBHQ – Tert-butyl hydroquinone
UV – Ultra violet
VOC – Volatile organic compounds
VM&P -Varnish makers’ and painters’
mPa.s – milli-Pascal-second
nm/µm – nanometer / micro-meter
ABSTRACT
Production of carbon black from novel sources like spent automobile tyre, anthracite coal, furnace soot and graphite rod and subsequent use in the production of offset printing inks has been investigated. Carbon black from these sources were obtained by pyrolysis of shredded spent tyre and coal samples at 750-900oC in an electrical furnace, isolation of furnace carbon black and graphite rod from dry cell, drying and pulverization of the resulting samples. Acid demineralization of the samples for 24hr followed with distilled water rinsing and oven drying at 110oC for 12 hr were also carried out before sieving. The production of offset printing ink from the synthesized carbon black samples each of particles <37µm was done by oleoresinous varnish preparation method using a product formula. Viscosities of the produced ink were measured at room temperature (18000 mPa.s) and viscosity-temperature variation of the ink was determined as well. The ink showed viscosity–temperature stability at higher temperature (≥ 35oC). Tests such as viscosity, dispersion, shade, drying, adhesion, scratch resistance, gloss, flexibility, water resistance, heat resistance, opacity, transparency, and tack were carried out, being dictated by their end use. Printability and product consistency with imported black ink were verified. The produced ink quality showed a little variation with the imported ink. However, the results indicate that inks of carbon black from furnace and tyre <37µm size gave the best result besides their blends whereas carbon black from coal and graphite rod of the same size gave fair results.
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments and or / dyes and is used to colour a surface to produce an image, text or design. Ink is used for drawing and / or writing with pen, brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letter press and lithographic printing. Chemists view it as a colloidal system of fine pigment particles dispersed in a solvent1. The pigment may or may not be coloured, and the solvent may be aqueous or organic.
Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, flourescers, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink’s carrier, colourants and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry.
1.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
The origins of printing can be traced back several centuries. Pictorial prints were produced from cut wood blocks in Japan during the tenth century and probably earlier in China. The first movable type, moulded in clay, can be traced to China in the eleventh century, and wooden type appeared in China in the fourteenth century. In Europe, book production from wood blocks was seen early in the fifteenth century, and Gutenberg introduced cast metal type in the middle of the fifteenth century. These inventions were the basis of the original printing method, namely letterpress printing.
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