CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature on guidance and counselling services in schools both in Nigeria and also in the different parts of the world were reviewed in this chapter. The review is as follows: The meaning of guidance and counseling Origin and development of guidance and counseling The needs of university undergraduates Objectives of guidance and counseling services in Nigeria Summary of review of related literature. The Meaning of Guidance and Counselling There are different opinions in the definition of guidance and counselling. It has been defined clearly by different authors. The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines guidance counseling as a help or advice that is given to somebody especially by somebody older or with more experience. According to Bakare (2003) guidance and counselling is defined as number of processes having problems in any phase of life so that he can be more effective, satisfied and useful to the society in which he lives. Guidance is the process of helping an individual understand himself and his world. The word guide means to direct, watch over, know, pilot, manage etc. Guidance aims at aiding the recipient to grow in a person’s independence and ability to be able to be responsible for oneself. Guidance is found in all phases of life in the home, business, industry, government social life and hospital, in fact it is present where there are people who desire help. Guidance and Counselling in Nigeria.
Since (2000) Nigeria has been concerned with the problem of vocational choice and decisions. As might be expected, this concern has led to research in the area and numerous theories with respect to how individuals make their career choice. Before the introduction of the western system of education, vocational guidance on the choice of a career could be given to children by a grown up member of the family or community to prepare them for future. According to Fafunwa (2003) there was vocational guidance in the traditional African society. Vocational training in traditional society which was largely run on the apprenticeship system and is a time honoured device for educating millions of African youths and adults. Usually the children are not yet trained by parents, but by relatives, masters, and craft man in particular fields or friends in order to ensure discipline and concentration. As Callaway (2004) described it, vocational education is vast apprentice training system which began as part of widen education process through which the indigenous societies of Nigeria passed on their cultural heritage from one generation to the next for example, a biro Blacksmith on the Jos Plateau inherited. Akintoye and Cole (2004) stated that guidance in Nigeria started at Saint Theresa’s College, Ibadan in 2000 when the Reverend Sister running, the school found that the product of their school (the secondary school leavens) would have problems in seeking for employment and adjusting to the hard conditions in the society after leaving school.