STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE LEAVES AND SEEDS OF HYPTIS SPICIGERA LAM
ABSTRACT
The extracts of the leaves of H.spicigera were screened for the presence of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, sterols, terpenoids and resins. The results of the phytochemical screening showed all the extracts with the exception of hexane extract to contain the secondary metabolites analysed in high and moderate amounts. Antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts of H.spicigera against a broad spectrum of micro organisms namely: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Salmonella typii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrheae and Candida albicans were carried out. All the extracts showed bactericidal activity against the entire antibiotic resistant micro organisms tested with some degree of variations against standard drug, penicillin. The methanolic extract of H.spicigera exhibited significant bactericidal activity at low concentration of 2.5mg/ml while S.aureus, N.gonnorhea and C.albicans were resistant at MBC of 5.0mg/ml. The insecticidal properties of H.spicigera leaf extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) tested against Callosobruchus maculatus on cowpea was carried out. Azadirachtin was used as standard check along with the extracts tested. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest percent mortality of 98% each at 72hrs, while 6% and 10% were recorded for the emergence of the C.maculatus. Ethyl acetate extract and azadirachtin standard check showed ovi-position deterrent at 4.16% and 2.78% respectively. Hexane extract showed the least percent (2%) seed damage while the control gave the highest percent (88%) of seed damage at 16 weeks. Hyptis spicigera seed oil was characterized using GC-MS and UV-VIS spectrometry for its fatty acid profile, tocopherol and physicochemical properties. The oil content was 21% while unsaturated fatty acids were linoleic acid (71.85 %) and palmitic acid (16.06%) as predominant fatty acids. Tocopherol content was 186.15mg/ml while Vitamin A was absent. The study showed potentials of Hyptis spicigera seed oil to have high oxidative stability which could be suitable for food and beverage as well as other industrial applications while the tocopherol content could improve human health. Purification of the ethyl acetate fraction by High Performance
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