ABSTRACT
The evaluation of heavy metal concentration in two species of periwinkle (Tympanotonusfuscatus and Pachymaleniabryonensis) was carried out using standard analytical procedures. The result of the analysis were as follows; T. fuscatusrecorded for Pb (0.235±0.005mg/100kg), Cd (0.033±0.002mg/100kg), Ni (0.104±0.003mg/100kg), Cr (0.078±0.000mg/100kg), Zn (1.368±0.005mg/100kg) and P. bryonensishad for Pb (0.163±0.004mg/100kg), Cd (0.170±0.003mg/100kg), Ni (0.308±0.002mg/100kg), Cr (0.042±0.000mg/100kg), Zn (1.740±0.012/100kg). The result generally showed that the two samples accumulated all the metals in different concentration in their shells. P. bryonensis had the highest accumulation of metals when compared with T. fuscatus. Therefore, it is recommended that the metallic doses in the periwinkle shells should be extracted for industrial purposes.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS PAGE
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – – vi
List of Tables – – – – – – – vii
Table of Contents – – – – – – –
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study
- Aim and Objectives of the Study
- Aim
- Objectives of the Study
- Scope and Limitation of the Study
- Definition of terms
- Aim and Objectives of the Study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
- Taxonomy and Characteristics of Periwinkle
- Ecological distribution of periwinkle specimen in Akwa Ibom
- Sources of heavy metals in aquatic environment
- Effect of toxicity of heavy metals in foods
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
- Materials
- The Study Area
- Method
- Methods of Sample collection
- Preparation of sample for analysis
- Laboratory procedure for analysis
- Determination of Metals
- Determination of Lead (Pb)
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Results
- Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Conclusion
- Recommendations
References
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Heavy metals enter the aquatic ecosystem from a variety of sources that include the rocks and soils directly exposed to surface water in addition to the discharge of various treated and untreated liquid wastes to the water bodies (Alaa and Osman, 1822). They are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers. They are substances with high voluntarily lose their electrons to form cations (Wifi and Hamza-Chaffai, 2010; Abiaoboet al., 2017). They possess specific density of more than 5g/cm3 and are important group of chemical pollutants of food enroute humans (Mactarlane and Burchett, 2000).