Additional menu

NEW PROJECT TOPICS

free research project topics and materials

You are here: Home / RECENT PROJECTS / OIL AND GAS/PETROLEUM ENGINEERING PROJECT TOPICS / OIL SPILL INCIDENT AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGER DELTA

OIL SPILL INCIDENT AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGER DELTA

posted on

OIL SPILL INCIDENT AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGER DELTA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Oil spillage is a global issue that has been occurring since the discovery of crude oil, which was part of the industrial revolution. The total spillage of petroleum into the oceans, seas and rivers through human activities is estimated to range 0.7-1.7 million tons per year .Oil spills have posed a major threat to the environment of the oil producing areas, which if not effectively checked can lead to the total destruction of ecosystems. The Niger Delta is among the ten most important wetland and marine ecosystems in the world. The oil industry located within this region has contributed immensely to the growth and development of the country which is a fact that cannot be disputed but unsustainable oil exploration activities has rendered the Niger Delta region one of the five most severely petroleum damaged ecosystems in the world. Studies have shown that the quantity of oil spilled over five decades was a least 9-13 million barrels, which is equivalent to 50 Exxon Valdez spills (FME, et. al. 2006). In 1956, Shell British Petroleum (now Royal Dutch Shell) discovered crude oil at a village Oloibiri in Bayelsa state located within the Niger Delta of Nigeria (Anifowose, 2008; Onuoha, 2008) and commercial production began in 1958. As of 2006, there are eleven (11) oil companies operating one hundred and fifty- nine (159) oil fields and one thousand four hundred and eighty-one (1,481) wells in the Niger Delta in Nigeria (The Guardian, 2006). Human activities and those of oil exploration and exploitation raise a number of issues such as depletion of biodiversity, coastal and riverbank erosion, flooding, oil spillage, gas flaring, noise pollution, sewage and waste water pollution, land degradation and soil fertility loss and deforestation, which are all major environmental issues. Oil exploration and exploitation has been ongoing for several decades in the Niger Delta. It has had disastrous impacts on the environment in the region and has adversely affected people inhabiting that region. Odeyumi and Ogunseitan (1985) wrote a paper on the growth and development of the oil and petrochemical industry in Nigeria with emphasis to the notable cases of pollution disturbances during the 25 years of its existence, highlighting causes and effects on the social, economic, agricultural and ecological characteristic on human and other biotic occupants of the oil region. Recommendations were given as guide, for the activities of the Nigerian National Petroleum Coperation (NNPC) in the prevention, control, treatment of oil and petrochemical pollution. Celestine (2003) discussed the effects of intensive oil resource extraction on the environment of the oil bearing Niger Delta communities and environmental problems such as resource degradation, pollution and poverty in the Niger Delta communities. Tolulope (2004) wrote on the oil spillage incidences in Nigeria with its negative implication to the environment, emphasizing on the extent of hazards and the tendency of petroleum products to pollute the environment. Twumasi and Merem (2006) explored the application of GIS and remote sensing in the tropical coastal zone environment with emphasis on the environmental impact of development in the Niger Delta region. The paper presented a vivid overview of issues, environmental effects and factors. The results showed decline in water bodies, mangrove forest and several cases of oil spills. Chukuezi (2006) wrote a paper on the implications of oil exploration and environmental degradation to sustainable development in the Niger Delta. Explaining this has culminated into poverty, restiveness and human insecurity in the region. In general, the assessment of other researchers into this issue acknowledges that the oil industry has undoubtedly brought economic benefit to the Nigerian state but has left environmental pollution problems with visible physical destruction. The prevention of environmental degradation is a task that must be pursued vigorously. Amu (1997) said that the identification of problems, design and applying appropriate sanctions is a major issue that needs to be resolved and has to start with change in the present judicial system and attitude towards the litigation of environmental issues as well as a reform in environmental policies.

1.1 Background on Nigeria and the Niger Delta Region

Nigeria has a coastal line of approximately 85km towards the Atlantic Ocean lying between latitude 4°15′ to 4°50′ and longitude 5°25′ to 7°37′ with a land mass of about 28000sq/km area within the coastal region. The surface area of the continental shelf is 46300sq/km. The coastal areas consist of freshwater swamp, mangrove swamp, beach ridges, sand bars, lagoons marshes and tidal channels. Nigeria has a total land mass of 923,768sq/km; 918,768sq/km being terrestrial land and 13000 sq/km being aquatic (CIA World Fact Book). The coastal area is humid with a mean average temperature of 24-32°C and coastal area has an average annual rainfall ranging between 1,500-4,000m (Kuruk, 2004). Nigeria has two large rivers; the Niger-Benue and the Chad River. There are several rivers that channel into the Atlantic Ocean directly, all other flowing waters flow into the Chad basin or into the lower Niger to the sea eventually (Kuruk, 2004).The Niger Delta is located in the Atlantic coast of Southern Nigeria and is the world’s second largest delta with a coastline of about 450km which ends at Imo river entrance (Awosika, 1995). The region is about 20,000sq/km as it is the largest wetland in Africa and among the third largest in the world (Powell, et al., 1985; CLO, 2002; Anifowose, 2008; Chinweze and Abiola-Oloke, 2009). 2,370sq/km of the Niger Delta area consists of rivers, creeks, estuaries and stagnant swamps cover approximately 8600sq/km, the Delta mangrove swamp spans about 1900sq/km as the largest mangrove swamp in Africa (Awosika1995). The Niger Delta is classified as a tropical rain-forest with ecosystems comprising of diverse species of flora and fauna both aquatic and terrestrial species. The region can be classified into four ecological zones; coastal inland zone, freshwater zone, lowland rain-forest zone, mangrove swamp zone and this region is considered one of the ten most important wetlands and marine ecosystems in the world (FME, et al., 2006; ANEEJ, 2004). The Niger Delta consist of the following states Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Ondo, Imo and Rivers respectively.As of 1991 from the National Census estimated about 25% of the entire Nigerian population lives within the Niger Delta region (Twumasi and Merem, 2006; Uyigue and Agho, 2007). The Niger Delta region has a steady growing population of approximately 30 million people as of 2005, accounting for more than 23% of Nigeria’s total population Twumasi and Merem, 2006; Uyigue and Agho 2007).

1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

The subject matter of the study is oil spill incident and management in Niger Delta.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To examine the causes of oil spillage in the Niger Delta.

To identify possible measures on how to manage oil spill in the area

DOWNLOAD COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL

OIL SPILL INCIDENT AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGER DELTA

Post Views: 1,300

Recent post

Reader Interactions

Comments

  2. Trusted online pharmaceutics reviews Bulk Vibrate of Toxins Medications (ACOG) has had its absorption on the pancreas of gestational hypertension and ed pills online as superbly as basal insulin in stiff elevations; the two biologic therapies were excluded stingy cialis online canadian pharmaceutics the Dilatation sympathetic of Lupus Nephritis. generic name for viagra Jxolxq dhzrab

  15. To stalk and we all other the earlier ventricular that buy palpable cialis online from muscles nonetheless with still vital them and it is more common histology in and a box and in there dialect right practical and they don’t even termination you are highest dupe off on the international. viagra alternative Qhfgti xsuzfo

  122. Taxi moto line
    128 Rue la Boétie
    75008 Paris
    +33 6 51 612 712  

    Taxi moto paris

    Wonderful post but I was wondering if you could write a litte more on this subject?
    I’d be very grateful if you could elaborate a little bit further.
    Appreciate it!

  123. M.E.C Mon Electricien Catalan
    44 Rue Henry de Turenne
    66100 Perpignan
    0651212596

    Electricien Perpignan

    I just couldn’t go away your site before suggesting that I actually
    loved the usual information an individual provide
    for your guests? Is going to be again often to check up on new posts

  124. Independance Immobilière – Agence Dakar Sénégal
    Av. Fadiga, Immeuble Lahad Mbacké
    BP 2975 Dakar
    +221 33 823 39 30

    Agence Immobilière Dakar

    Write more, thats all I have to say. Literally, it seems
    as though you relied on the video to make your point. You definitely know what youre talking about,
    why throw away your intelligence on just
    posting videos to your weblog when you could be giving us
    something enlightening to read?

  281. Thanks for your concepts. One thing we’ve noticed is banks along with financial institutions are aware of the spending practices of consumers while also understand that most of the people max out and about their real credit cards around the getaways. They properly take advantage of this specific fact and commence flooding your current inbox along with snail-mail box using hundreds of no-interest APR card offers just after the holiday season concludes. Knowing that should you be like 98% of American community, you’ll rush at the possible opportunity to consolidate card debt and shift balances for 0 apr interest rates credit cards. kjjiikm https://headachemedi.com – guided meditation for headache relief

  282. Thanks for your thoughts. One thing I’ve got noticed is the fact banks in addition to financial institutions understand the spending behaviors of consumers and as well understand that the majority of people max out and about their real credit cards around the breaks. They smartly take advantage of that fact and commence flooding ones inbox in addition to snail-mail box having hundreds of no-interest APR credit cards offers shortly after the holiday season concludes. Knowing that for anyone who is like 98% of American community, you’ll soar at the possible opportunity to consolidate consumer credit card debt and shift balances towards 0 interest rate credit cards. kkkjiln https://thyroidmedi.com – hyperactive thyroid treatment

  283. Thanks for your concepts. One thing we’ve noticed is banks along with financial institutions are aware of the spending practices of consumers while also understand that most of the people max out there their real credit cards around the getaways. They properly take advantage of this specific fact and commence flooding your current inbox along with snail-mail box using hundreds of no-interest APR card offers just after the holiday season comes to an end. Knowing that should you be like 98% of American community, you’ll rush at the possiblity to consolidate card debt and shift balances for 0 apr interest rates credit cards. jiihhjm https://thyroidmedi.com – generic thyroid medicine

  287. Thanks for your strategies. One thing really noticed is that often banks plus financial institutions know the dimensions and spending patterns of consumers plus understand that plenty of people max outside their cards around the trips. They correctly take advantage of this real fact and then start flooding a person’s inbox plus snail-mail box by using hundreds of no interest APR credit cards offers shortly when the holiday season closes. Knowing that when you are like 98% in the American general public, you’ll get at the one opportunity to consolidate financial debt and switch balances towards 0 rate credit cards. onnmlop https://stomachmedi.com – otc stomach drugs

  288. Thanks for your tips. One thing we have noticed is always that banks and also financial institutions have in mind the spending behavior of consumers and also understand that a lot of people max out there their own credit cards around the holiday seasons. They prudently take advantage of this kind of fact and begin flooding the inbox and also snail-mail box together with hundreds of Zero APR card offers immediately after the holiday season comes to an end. Knowing that in case you are like 98% of all American open public, you’ll hop at the possiblity to consolidate personal credit card debt and move balances for 0 interest rates credit cards. hhhggil https://stomachmedi.com – over counter medicine for stomach pain

  289. Thanks for your concepts. One thing we’ve noticed is banks along with financial institutions are aware of the spending practices of consumers while also understand that most of the people max out there their real credit cards around the getaways. They properly take advantage of this specific fact and commence flooding your current inbox along with snail-mail box using hundreds of no-interest APR card offers just after the holiday season comes to an end. Knowing that should you be like 98% of American community, you’ll rush at the possiblity to consolidate card debt and shift balances for 0 apr interest rates credit cards. jiiihkm https://pancreasmedi.com – list of stomach medications

  291. Thanks for your thoughts. One thing I’ve got noticed is the fact banks in addition to financial institutions understand the spending behaviors of consumers and as well understand that the majority of people max outside their cards around the breaks. They smartly take advantage of that fact and then start flooding ones inbox in addition to snail-mail box having hundreds of no interest APR credit cards offers shortly after the holiday season closes. Knowing that for anyone who is like 98% in the American general public, you’ll soar at the one opportunity to consolidate consumer credit card debt and switch balances towards 0 interest rate credit cards. nccccei https://pancreasmedi.com – stomach threatment drugs

  386. How can I become involved in hard constant without sildenafil no prescription pills. Feed-bag more fruits, vegetables, totality grains, and legumes. The nutrients in varied fruits, vegetables, viagra no prescription viagra prescription cost fit grains, and legumes help make progress blood whirl throughout your density — including your penis. And blood ripple to the penis is ditty of the keys to healthy, constant erections.

  389. How in time to finger effects of clomid men men? With men, Clomid is almost always charmed concluded a integer of days in behalf of at least three months. It takes more over and over again to fathom results, and you shouldn’t trust sharp fertility improvement. Treatment as per usual takes at least a month beforehand any changes in semen can be seen, and a thoroughly three months before pregnancy rates may appear improvement.

  400. Is more pfizer viagra online better. More recently, results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose lucubrate showed that 88% of men who initiated sildenafil at a dosage of 50 mg increased their dosage to 100 mg to modernize efficacy, and 98% of those who increased their measure to order viagra cheap can you get viagra otc 100 mg remained on the higher dose.

  406. How much does tadalafil 20 mg cost. canada drugs cialis is settled 50% cheaper than brand-name Cialis. Compared to the maker, which can set someone back between $350 and $1700 quest of 30 tablets depending on their intensity, generic cialis safety costs between $100 and $600 with a view 30 tablets. Not too bad.

Leave a Reply