ABSTRACT
The study aimed to evaluate epidermal characteristics of A. aspera observation of epidermal features include: length and width opened stomatal pores, multicellular trichomes, irregular epidermal cell shape and simuous on both surfaces. The distribution of the stomata is amphistomatic stomata. The usefulness of these data will aids in taxonomic delimitation respectively.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS PAGE
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – v
Table of Contents – – – – – – – vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION – – – 1
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study – – – 3
1.2.1 Aim of the Study – – – – – – 3
1.2.2 Objective of the Study – – – – – 3
1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study – – – 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW – – 5
- Botanical Classification of Achyranthes aspera – 5
- Description of Achyranthes aspera – – – 6
- Geographical Source – – – – – 6
- Morphology – – – – – – 6
- Traditional Uses – – – – – – 7
- Phytochemistry – – – – – – 8
- Pharmacological Actions – – – – – 10
- Spermicidal Activity – – – – – 10
- Antiparasitic Activity – – – – – 11
- Hypoglyceamic activity – – – – – 13
- Cancer chemo preventive activity – – – 13
- Hepatoprotective Activity – – – – 13
- Anti – microbial activity – – – – – 14
- Anti – oxidant activity – – – – – 16
- Nephroprotective Activity – – – – 17
- Cardiovascular Activity – – – – – 17
- Anti – allergic activity – – – – – 19
- Wound healing activity – – – – – 19
- Immunomodulatory activity – – – – 20
- Anti – inflammatory and anti – arthritic activity – 20
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS – 22
3.1 Materials – – – – – – – 22
3.1.1 Collection of Plant samples – – – – 23
3.2 Methods – – – – – – – 23
3.2.1 Sample Collection and Preparation – – – 23
3.2.2 Statistical Analysis – – – – – – 24
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – 25
4.1 Results – – – – – – – – 25
4.2 Discussion – – – – – – – 30
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS – – – – – 32
5.1 Conclusion – – – – – – – 32
5.2 Recommendations – – – – – – 32
5.3 Suggestion for further studies – – – – 33
References
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Knowledge of herbs has been handed down from generation to generation for thousands of years (Chauhan et al., 2002). Herbal drugs constitute a major part in all traditional systems of medicines. Herbal medicine is a triumph of popular therapeutic diversity.Plants above all other agents have been used for medicine from time immemorial because they have fitted the immediate personal need, are easily accessible and inexpensive (Banerji et al., 2007). In the recent past there has been a tremendous increase in the use of plant based health products in developing as well as developed countries resulting in an exponential growth of herbal products globally. An upward trend has been observed in the research on herbals. Herbal medicines have a strong traditional or conceptual base and the potential to be useful as drugs in terms of safety and effectiveness leads for treating different diseases. World Health Organization has made an attempt to identify all medicinal plants used globally and listed more than 20,000 species (Pandey et al., 2008).