ABSTRACT
The major perturbation on Nwaniba beach is fertilizer runoff from fertilizers applied to soil as well as waste discharge. This activities have made the muscles of a tilapia species, Oreochromis niloticus, to become slightly polluted, heavy metal wise. This arose from the application of digestion method of heavy metal analysis which showed the sequence: Zn (21.0 mg/kg) >Fe (19.75 mg/kg) > Cu (0.66 mg/kg) > Cd(0.35 mg/kg) > Pb (0.03 mg/kg)
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS PAGE
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – – vi
Table of Contents – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION – – – – – 1
- Background of the Study – – – – 1
- Aim of the Study – – – – – 3
- Objectives of the Study – – – – – 4
- Scope and Limitations of the Study – – – 4
- Significance of the Study – – – – – 4
- Definition of terms – – – – – 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – 7
- Biology of Tilapia – – – – – – 7
- Tilapia as an exotic and an invasive species – – 7
- Morphology of Tilapia – – – – – 8
- Feeding Habit – – – – – – 11
- Social organization- – – – – – 13
- Reproduction – – – – – – 14
- Parental care- – – – – – – 16
- Heavy metals analyzed – – – – – 18
- Cadmium – – – – – – – 18
- Lead – – – – – – – – 21
- Iron – – – – – – – – 24
- Zinc – – – – – – – – 25
- Copper – – – – – – – 26
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS – – – 28
- Materials – – – – – – – 28
- Study Area – – – – – – – 30
- Methodology – – – – – – 32
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – – – 34
- Results – – – – – – – 34
- Discussion – – – – – – – 36
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS – 40
- Conclusion – – – – – – – 40
- Recommendations – – – – – – 41
References
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Oreschromis niloticus, one of the major fish species in Akwa Ibom State has been reported to have been seriously perturbed by the impact of anthropogenic activities on water. Ekpeyoung (2019) reported that tilapia species may face service extinction in future probably due to metal and oil pollutions. These types of pollution hold a major potentional hazard to surface water on the other hand can disrupt natural quality of fish tissue, increase disease and mortality (Sexera et al., 2018; Udosen, 2014). Edem et al.(2009), Ayotunde et al.(2012) and Akpanyung et al. (2016) reposted on tiliapia species as showing pollution level manifesting higher presence of heavy metals, indicating the possibility that deleterious impact could evolve after a long period of consumption.