Table of Contents
Cover Page Pages
Title Page i
Approval page ii
Certification page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1
Background to the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 8
Purpose of the Study 9
Research Questions 9
Hypotheses 10
Significance of the Study 10
Scope of the Study 11
CHAPTER TWO Review of Related Literature 12
Conceptual Framework 12
Concept of stress and stressors, signs, symptoms and sources of stress 12
Stress management practices 24
Academic staff of tertiary institutions 29
Socio-demographic factors of academic staff on stress management practice 30
Theoretical Framework 36
Response based theory 36
Social cognitive theory 37
Stress model 38
Empirical Studies 41
Summary of Literature Review 47
CHAPTER THREE: Methods 48
Research Design 48
Area of the Study 48
Population for the Study 49
Sample and Sampling Technique 49
Instrument for Data Collection 50
Validity of the Instrument 50
Reliability of the Instrument 51
Method of Data Collection 51
Method of Data Analysis 51
CHAPTER FOUR: Result and Discussion 52
Result 52
Summary of Major Findings 61
Discussion of Findings 61
Stress management practices 61
Academic staff of tertiary institutions 62
Socio-demographic factors of academic staff on stress management practice 63
Implication of the study 65
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 67
Summary 67
Conclusion 68
Recommendations 68
Suggestions for Further Studies 69
References 70
Appendices 86
Appendix A: letter of introduction 86
Appendix B: Instrument of data collection 87
Appendix C: distribution of academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State based on gender 89
Appendix D: distribution of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State based on institutional
type 90
Appendix E: distribution of the eight (8) sampled tertiary institutions in Adamawa State based on institutional type 91
Appendix F: the distribution of sampled faculties/schools and departments in the sampled Universities, Colleges of education, Polytechnics and Schools 92
Appendix G: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 17) 94
List of Figures
Page
Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation of conceptual framework of stress management practices among teaching profession 35
Figure 2: Schematic Framework of stress management practices 40
List of Tables
Table Title Page
1 Sources of stress among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa state
53
2 Stress management practices among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State
54
3 Stress management practices among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State based on gender
55
4 Stress management practices among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State based on marital status
56
5 Stress management practices among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State based on religious affiliation
58
6 Summary of Chi-square Value Verifying the Null Hypothesis of No Significant Difference in the mean response on stress management practices among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State based on gender
59
7 Summary of Chi-square Value Verifying the Null Hypothesis of No Significant Difference in the mean response on stress management practices among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State based on marital status
60
8 Summary of Chi-square Value Verifying the Null Hypothesis of No Significant Difference in the mean response on stress management practices among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State based on religious affiliation 61
Abstract
The study was aimed at investigating the stress management practices among academic staff of Tertiary Institutions in Adamawa State. Documented evidence on stress management practices among academic staff of higher institutions in Adamawa State is scarce. Five research questions were asked and three hypotheses formulated to guide the study. A population of 3470 academic staff from the eleven tertiary institutions in Adamawa State was used. A researcher – designed questionnaire (validated by five experts) was the instrument used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to reliability test using split half method. Data collected were analyzed using frequency percentages, and chi-square (ᵪ2) statistics. The result revealed that majority of the items were on stress management practices except going to night clubs or Concert (26.5%) and isolating oneself from others (31.1%), Majority of the items were stress management practices according to male and female academic staff except going to night clubs or Concert (Male = 28.5%, Female = 20.9%) and isolating oneself from others (Male = 31.3%, Female = 30.8%). The major stress management practices among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa state based on marital status were, eating of adequate and proper nutrition (Single = 80.5%, Married = 79.0%, Widowed = 96.3% and Divorced = 80.0%); Engagement in positive and realistic self-talk e.g. word of encouragement (Single = 68.3%, Married = 75.5%, Widowed = 88.9%, and Divorced = 80.0%). Majority of the items based on religious affiliation were stress management practices except going to night clubs or Concert (Islam = 28.4%, Christian = 23.2%) and isolating oneself from others (Islam = 27.0%, Christian = 38.4%). There was no significant difference in the stress management practices based on gender, marital status and religious affiliation. Following from these findings, it was recommended among others that Stress management programme with emphasis on stress prevention should be organised on a regular basis for academic staff. It was also recommended that tertiary institution authority should establish an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) to provide professional services and assistance to academic staff suffering stress-related problems.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Background to the Study
Stress is one of the serious emotional health problems people experience globally. Every human being has needs and wants and there is a deep hunger and enthusiasm in people to satisfy these demands. However, as effort is made to satisfy these needs one finds himself in a stressful situation. Stress is interwoven with life. American Institute of Stress (2005) opined that the biggest threat to health today is stress. United Kingdom Health and Safety Executives –HES (2005) estimated that over 13 million working days are lost every year because of stress as it is believed to trigger 70 per cent of visit to doctors, and 85 per cent of serious illnesses occurring in the United Kingdom. The cost of stress in terms of human suffering, social and occupational impairment and illness are enormous.
In Nigeria, Nweze (2005) submitted that for two and half decades, stress has become a topical issue in management development, seminars and workshops. The author further stated that the prevalence of stress stems from a number of obvious reasons. Firstly, stress is inextricably interwoven with life and ceases only when an individual stops breathing. Secondly the author noted that nobody is immune to stress, both the young, old, rich, poor, professionals, and lay men alike are potential victims of stress. Nweze further stated that our traditional mechanisms of handling stresses and strains of living such as age grade activities, moonlight tales, watching and organizing cultural dances, swimming in village rivers are fast diminishing. The above situation may have been facilitated by factors such as rapid urban development, increasing corporate regimentation of work to life, breakdown of social supports, increasing personal group conflicts, including security threats to life and property. The frustrations, disappointments and pressure of daily life constitute the genesis of stress amongst people of different works of life.
People live in different conditions, have different professions and have different problems. Human beings are constantly faced with a number of problems which may include poverty, unemployment, clinical depressions, compulsive disorder, heavy drinking, and insufficient sleep. All these factors cause stress of different complexities; thereby making stress is a major concern in many, if not all, educational institutions all over the world. Most of the institutions continue to spend large sums of money in an attempt to prevent and, even, help their staff manage the stress they experience in carrying out their roles and responsibilities, (Kusi, Mensah & Gyaki, 2014). Pressure of modern life, coupled with the demands of a job, can lead to emotional imbalances that are collectively labelled as stress. Owusu and Tawiah, (2014) asserted that stress exist in human beings, animals and even in metals.
Stress has been described as the emotional and physical strain caused by our response to pressure from the outside world. Stress is the normal reaction of human psychics to the negative environment and constant pressure of work and household demands (Lehler, David, Barrow, Woolfolk, & Sime, 2007). Stress can be defined as the state of affairs that exist when an individual is unable to cope with excessive workplace demand or job pressure (Love & Irani, 2007). Olley (2009) defined stress as psychological, physiological and behavioural response of an individual seeking to adopt and adjust to both internal and external pressures. Uyanga (2012) referred to stress as any form of strain or interference, which disturbs the normal functioning of an organism. In this study, stress refers to an individual’s inability to cope with daily activities, be it at home or in the work place. Stress is caused by several factors called stressors. (Selye, 1976).
Stressors have been grouped into two namely: external and internal stressors. External stressors comprise physical environment stressors, social stressors, organisational stressors and daily hurdles (Selye, 1976). Physical environment stressors include factors like heat or noise. Social stressors are the interaction between people who exhibit rudeness, bossiness or aggressiveness. Organisational stressors include rule and regulations, red tape and deadline, major life events (like death of a relation, loss of job, promotion, new baby and few others) and mechanical breakdown. Internal stressors according to Selye (1976) are lifestyle choices like habitual caffeine consumption, inadequate sleep, and work over load/schedule, and negative self- perception like pessimistic thinking, self-criticisms and over-analysis. Others according to Selye (1976) are mind traps, taking things personally, exaggeration, rigid thinking and stressful personality traits like being a perfectionist. All these stressors may also be found in Nigerian tertiary institutions.
Stressors in Nigerian campuses, include stress-inducing factors that precipitate stress in the lecturers in various degrees. These include: work overload, time constraints, lack of promotion opportunities, inadequate recognition, inadequate salary, changing job role, inadequate resources and funding, and student interaction (Gillespie, Walsh, Winefield, & Stough, 2001). Sources of academic pressure identified in the literature include heavy workload, role ambiguity, conflicting job demands, frequent interruptions, and striving for publication (Goldenburg & Waddell, 2000). Further studies have concluded that a significant proportion of stress experienced by academics is likely to emanate from the competing demands of career and family life, and long working hours (both on and off campus) (Socrcinelli & Gregory, 2006). Inadequate funding is a general problem in Nigerian university system. Findings by Rutter (2002) showed that sources of stress to academic staff included the pressure to secure financial support for research.
Sources of stress have been classified under environmental, organizational and domestic sources. According to Al-Sowygh (2013) environmental stress includes three essential components. External components are the biopsycho-social and psychosocial factors in one’s external environment previously mentioned, the stress reaction is elicited by a wide variety of stimuli that are either physiologically or emotionally threatening and disrupt the body’s homeostasis. Internal components are the physiological and biochemical factors in one’s internal environment (body), the perceived stress. The cognitive responses resulting from the interaction between these two components are the coping strategies that constitute the third component. Occupational stress, specifically, is the response to organizational stressors in the workplace environment that pose a perceived threat to an individual’s well-being or safety. Finney, Stergiopoulos, Hansel, Bonato, Sarah and Dewa (2013) in addition to organizational factors, individual factors have also been implicated in stress outcomes. Organizational stressors such as work overload, role conflict, under-promotion and level of participation interact with individual factors such as personality and family problems to create mental and physical ill health in employees (Finney et al., 2013). Oluwu (2000) stated that sources of stress could be as a result of uncondusive work environment such as problem of space, inadequate work tools, lack of motivation at work and no vacation as seen among academic staff, work hours being lengthy and other managerial factors such as job insecurity. Michael (2005) pointed out causes of work stress (stressors) as follows: harassment by anyone not necessarily one’s manager, feeling powerless and uninvolved in determining one’s own responsibilities, continuous unreasonable performance demand, lack of’ effective communication and conflict resolution, lack of job security and long working hours. The author further stated others to include excessive time away from home and family, conflicts among staff, a feeling that one’s reward is not commensurate with one’s responsibility, working hour’s responsibility and pressures, lack of balance diet, exercise, sleep/rest and play. Whenever there is presence of stress caused by the above mentioned stressors, there are specific stress-related signs and symptoms that the individuals manifest.
The common signs and symptoms of stress have been enumerated as follows: forgetfulness, nervousness, worry, difficult sleeping (insomnia), heart padding, shaky hands, back pain, tension, headache, shortness of breath, diarrhea, constipation and stomach upset Mullen, Gold, Belcastro and Medermott (1993). David (1995) categorized common symptoms of stress into four, namely: physical symptoms, mental symptoms, emotional symptoms and behavioural symptoms. Physical symptoms include fatigue, headache, insomnia, muscle aches, chest pain, abdominal cramps, sweating, frequent cold and laziness, mental symptoms include decrease in concentration and memory indecisiveness, mind racing, confusion and loss of sense of humor, emotional symptoms of stress are anxiety, nervousness, depression, anger, frustration, worry, fear, irritability, impatience and short temper, while behavioural symptoms are frequent fidgeting, nervous habit (like nail-biting and foot-tapping), increased eating, smoking, drinking, crying, yelling, swearing, balancing and hitting (David, 1995) How one perceives a stress inducing event and how he or she reacts to it determines its impact on one’s health. One may be motivated by the event in one’s life or may see same as stressful and respond in manner that may have a negative effect on his or her physical, mental and social well-being. If one always responds in a negative way, one’s health and happiness may suffer. But by understanding one’s self and reacting to stress inducing situations, one can learn to handle stress effectively (Cook & Ludwig, 1997). To handle stress effectively depends on adoption of effective management.
Management has been described in literature by many researchers. Management is the act of planning, controlling activities, formulating strategies and optimizing the use of resources (Lucey, 2006). Hornby (2007) defined management as the act or skill of dealing with situations in a successful way. Management in this study refers to measures applied by academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State to cope successfully with stress in their daily lives. When management is related to stress, it becomes stress management.
Stress management refers to wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person’s level of stress, especially chronic stress usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning (Lehler, David, Barrow, Woolfolk, & Sime, 2007). Stress management is also defined as actions adopted to manage the demands and pressure placed on one, in the most effective way (Gerard 2008). Stress management in this study refers to all measures that academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State adopts in effectively managing the demands and pressures at workplace. For one to achieve effective stress management, the measures of stress must be put into practice.
Practice is defined as repetition of an activity to improve skills, a customary action, habit or behavior a manner or routing (Simpson & Weiner 1998). Robinson (2006) viewed practice as a habit, activity, procedure or customary. Practice refers to actions or behaviours that are employed by academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State to manage stress.
Stress management practices involve all the activities carried out to cope with stressful situations. Opara (1993) defined stress management practice as the habitual ability of an individual to maintain and experience control when situation of people and events makes excessive demand on one. In this study, stress management practice is described as the activities or habits employed to reduce work and personal stress by academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State.
Academic staff are lecturers who are responsible for the teaching processes in tertiary institutions. In this study, academic staff of tertiary institution refers to lecturers in all the eleven public and private tertiary institutions in Adamawa State. Studies have found that too much pressure can be placed on teachers in the schools arising from unnecessary deadlines, attempts to impress boss/employer, administrative tasks, conflicts in school, attendance at meeting, implementation of new policy, lack of breathing space between lessons, non-availability of time to wind down or relax and recuperate, management of finances, for greater achievement, overwork, emotional exhaustion, isolation, lack of workers participation in decision making, poor communication, job insecurity, environmental pollution, large class size, dealing with the different needs of the students, lack of financial support and many others (Colloway, 2003). Ofoegbu and Nwadiani (2006) revealed that the significant factors contributing to stress among academic staff include incessant strike and school interruption, delay and irregular payment of salary, lack of annual leave/holiday and under funding of education. This study seeks to determine stress management practices among academic staff of tertiary institutions in Adamawa State.
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